What are the complications of diabetes?

What are the complications of diabetes? Not the best answer to diabetic foot is a common chronic complication of diabetes, but also lead to diabetes amputation crippled the main reason. Vascular disease and diabetic neuropathy is caused by complications of diabetes, the underlying causes of the foot, diabetic foot are particularly vulnerable to vascular and neural disease, diabetes, vascular and neurological disease caused by each of a series of clinical foot disease, including the toe disease, the formation of the corpus callosum , skin damage and leg ulcers, musculoskeletal diseases cause sufficient deformation. Diabetic neuropathy often leads to the loss or reduction of the foot vulnerable to trauma, minor trauma can quickly lead to ulcers, infections and gangrene, and eventually had to amputation. Risk factors for diabetic foot (1) duration of diabetes more than 10 years; (2) Long-term glycemic control is poor; (3) wearing inappropriate shoes, foot health is poor; (4) past history of foot ulcers; (5) neural disease symptoms (foot numbness, pain diminished or disappeared, or tactile) and (or) of ischemic vascular disease (exercise-induced calf pain or coldness); (6) signs of neuropathy (foot fever, skin does not sweat, muscle atrophy, talon-like toes, pressure point skin thickening, a good pulse, blood filling good), and (or) signs of peripheral vascular disease (foot cold, shiny skin, thinner, pulse disappeared and subcutaneous tissue atrophy) ; (7), diabetes and other chronic complications (severe renal failure or renal transplantation, significant retinopathy); (8) nerves and (or) vascular disease is not serious and there is a serious deformity; (9) Other risk factors (vision loss, affecting the function of the orthopedic foot problems such as knee, hip or spinal arthritis, inappropriate footwear; (10) personal factors (socio-economic conditions are poor, elderly or live alone, to refuse treatment and care; Smoking, alcohol, etc.); (11), delay in diagnosis of diabetes. the frequency of follow-up of diabetic foot disease should be based on the type and extent of the. For example, patients with foot ulcers should be handling some of referral, you can review a 1 ~ 3 weeks ; foot sensory loss in the patients can return visit every 3 months time. The three signs of diabetic foot caused by diabetes in patients with lower extremity vascular disease, chronic diabetic complications of peripheral nerve, especially the feeling of complications of diabetes, the feeling appears loss or abnormal. such as the extremities, especially the feeling of foot numbness that appears abnormal, the feeling of walking as if stepping on cotton, or a pins and needles, and so a range of performance, these are patients with diabetes complicated by peripheral nerve disease. If the dorsalis pedis artery pulse weakened or disappeared (Of course, we often use is to compare the two feet), then he may have diabetic foot lesions, should do a foot color B-ultrasound (Doppler ). If the few major blood vessel is blocked, there is a huge plaque formation, to be diagnosed as diabetic foot. diabetic peripheral neuropathy caused by diabetes in patients with chronic peripheral vascular complications, peripheral vascular complications of this there will be an early series, due to the gradual narrowing of vascular lumen, arising from a series of clinical manifestations, including the patient's lower limb numbness, pain, walking distance getting shorter, we are called intermittent claudication, or the patient feels pain, is sitting pain when moving the case will also appear, these are patients with peripheral vascular diabetic complications. early detection of neuropathy, mainly to see if there is no pain, numbness, hot flashes, tingling and other symptoms. can make a nylon sensory testing and electrophysiological examination (do the median nerve, toe nerve, tibial nerve). infection in peripheral vascular and nerve complications, based on the protective measures are not effective because, as shoes, socks, nails and so inappropriate, there damage the skin, then this series of questions called the prevention and treatment of diabetic foot diabetic foot goal is prevention, early diagnosis, early treatment, not only can significantly improve the quality of life of diabetic patients, but also greatly reduce the associated health expenditures, with the important social and economic benefits. a general treatment (1) support symptomatic treatment, including restrictions on activity, weight loss, Taigaohuanzhi facilitate blood return leg to reduce edema. (2) strict control of blood glucose and insulin to apply limb is better to actively correct the ketoacidosis, hypoproteinemia, heart, brain, kidney complications and healing of various negative factors gangrene. (3) debridement: removal of necrotic tissue, placing drainage, regular disinfection for medicine. (4) to strengthen the education of patients, foot care and reasonable to prevent injury from outside. 2 DF anti-infection after infection pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus common, followed by Streptococcus and Enterococcus , and anaerobic bacteria such as E. coli. taken as soon as possible after admission lesion secretions for bacterial culture, first with the commonly used antibiotics until culture results after the use of effective antibiotics, in addition to anti-anaerobic drugs need to plus 3. ischemic foot ulcer treatment (1) for vascular disease is not very serious or there is no indication for surgery who can be conservative medical treatment with vasodilators such as prostaglandin E ,654-2 and traditional Chinese medicine, such as breviscapine, reference pulse and so on. ( 2) severe vascular disease, in the conservative treatment, based on the vessel revascularization should be performed. The methods are: vascular bypass surgery, endarterectomy, pedicled omental graft, percutaneous angioplasty lumen and so on. (3) gangrene in patients with pain at rest and extensive vascular disease could not do vascular reconstruction should be decisive amputation, amputation before the best angiography to determine the amputation plane. (4) hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBD) : Hyperbaric oxygen can increase new blood vessel tissue metaplasia, increased collagen synthesis to improve the bactericidal action of neutrophils, but can also promote the synthesis of platelet-derived factor, the factor can promote wound healing. If pulmonary infection Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is not preferable. (5) UV irradiation and oxygenation of blood transfusion therapy (UBID): has anti-bacterial inflammation, increased tissue oxygen supply and improve immunity, reduce blood viscosity and blood lipids, improve blood circulation and so on. 4 the treatment of neuropathic foot ulcer 4.1 foot change in 90% of the nerve abnormal stress ulcers can be reasonably conservative treatment and healing. to address the key is to reduce the pressure caused by the original disease, understand the pressure distribution through the foot gauge, and the use of special orthopedic to change shoes or orthotics in patients with foot pressure. 4.2 can improve the neurological function of vitamin B, nerve growth factor can promote nerve cell nucleic acid and protein synthesis, and promote axonal regeneration of myelin formation. 4.3 dressing covering the wound dressing to prevent further by loss, reduce the risk of infection, keep the wound healing, an ideal environment. diluent choice of antibiotics, vitamin mixture, temperature and deposition bFGF. 5 active conservative treatment, amputation gangrene still occurs, it is timely to be amputated, amputation site is estimated to be accurate , the local loop should make a choice, to ensure good circulation level. In short, DF treatment than in the past a lot of progress, especially in high-pressure oxygen therapy and ultraviolet blood irradiation and oxygenation transfusion therapy has a certain effect, but still There is no way to completely cure, which requires us to establish a perfect control system. in diabetes diagnosis, the first should be actively controlled diabetes, strict control of high blood sugar (including a reasonable allocation of diet and hypoglycemic drugs and insulin application), while controlling high lipids and a variety of factors that lead to early atherosclerosis, should be the prevention of diabetic gangrene as a long-term task, so that patients blood vessels, nerve lesion a little slower, lighter and less, and careful foot care and prevention of possible lesions. so to do: 1, first of all sufficient attention from the ideology, the foot care as an integral part of life, before they occur. 2, to develop good foot hygiene (1) Every warm water or mild household soap to wash feet, keep feet clean. (2) feet measured before the water temperature by hand test (water temperature of the water put to the back of the hand skin tolerance is appropriate), must not be caused by hot water from the foot burn, to avoid skin damage. (3) foot wash, dry towel and gently wipe applications, including sutural toes, do not use coarse skin abrasions caused by friction force. (4) To protect the skin soft, does not occur chapped, skin oils can be applied, cream, cream, but do not smear on the toe sutural. (5) should not use long enough to sweat absorbent powder to prevent pore blockage and infection. not wearing polyester nylon stockings do not take the air. Yichuan yarn socks or wool socks. (6) every day to check the heel, foot, toe joints, with or without ulceration, nicks, scratches and blisters, etc., if found should be timely medical treatment of foot lesions, properly handled, must not be taken lightly as of, delaying the time of their treatment. (7) Corn, corpus callosum are not self-mutilated, or corrosive chemicals can be used, by medical treatment. (8) footwear to fit and relaxed, want to change socks every day, preferably replacement of two pairs of shoes to shoes to keep dry. shoes, shoes should be checked before and whether the sand grains, nails and other debris to prevent foot ulceration occurs. (9) should not wear pointed shoes, high heels, feet exposed Lu heel toe sandals, avoid walking barefoot or wear slippers out. (10) during winter should not use hot water bottle, warm water bottle or electric blanket insulation, to avoid foot burns. (11) is not patching cracked foot, foot fungus infection should be treated. (12) Avoid tobacco and alcohol, disease prevention and treatment of vascular and neurological benefit. (13) try to avoid foot injury, to prevent frostbite, Ji Shang, select the appropriate exercise program, will minimize the damage limited to the risk factors degrees. Check your feet diabetic foot problems are the leading cause of hospitalization. most of the foot problems often starts from small injuries. If you can discover, we can take steps to avoid deterioration. for inspection When each foot of the dorsal and plantar interdigital should also check to. mirror can help you see every part of the feet. Of course you can also ask family members or friends to help. You have to touch the foot back and foot. you are looking for the blisters, cuts, redness, hardening, ulceration, abrasions, local fever, local coldness and any other changes look good. For such as blisters, cuts, Endogenous nail and foot shape or color change and other issues, you must report to Dr. Ma Shangxiang. Treat your feet 1. a day with warm (not hot!) feet. 2. feet dry for later use nail scissors, carefully trim and grind the edges smooth. If not clear because the nail is too thick or not do it, you can prune your podiatrist. 3. treat corns and calluses be gentle. If the doctor said that out of the way, you can use gently polished terrazzo. Never use corn in water, except cocoon agent or chicken eye ointment, do not use cutting blade scraping. 4. long warts do not deal with their own, to see the doctor. 5. even have to wear in the house shoes and socks. in bed ready to get up at night to wear slippers. 6. shoes, check the shoes, there are no pins, coins or small stones and other things that may hurt your feet. 7. Choose padded socks. choose not smooth, flat seams or joints socks. as a special diabetic socks or walking would be more appropriate. When necessary, replace them with new socks to ensure the right inside the liner. 8. lost or worn pad wear socks. 9. Do not use hot water bottle or thermos warm feet. If cold feet, you can wear socks or covered with blankets. 10. night to buy shoes, because when the feet the most. When you pair of shoes when wearing your thickest padded socks, so you can determine the socks in shoes is appropriate. touch the inside of shoes to make sure that no wrinkles or hard joints. must not hope the shoes will wear large, it should be the right beginning and comfortable. 11. For the campaign to choose the right and have good protection design shoes. (you can ask a professional staff to help you) 12. everyday shoe, choose flat shoes. best head, Department of with the shoes. If the work permit, walking shoes is a good choice. 13. Do not buy high-heeled or pointed (the pressure will be concentrated to toe) shoes, do not buy polyethylene or plastic shoes (because they airtight, not fit). 14. gradually adapt to the new shoes. the first day of wearing one hour, then carefully check your feet. 15. doctors designated special shoes or insoles, worn every day and put in a shoe no protection effect. to reduce the chances of infection of foot method: 16. Do not use in the interdigital skin of water or cream. 17. change into clean socks every day. 18. a bath or shower immediately after your feet dry , including the toes of the parts. approach to promote blood circulation foot: 19. sitting down feet elevation. 20. Do not let the legs cross over a long time. 21. Do not smoke. 22. Do not wear a sling or too tight socks, elastic band not in the legs department. 23. If the doctor agrees, moderate walking is almost frightening diabetes related to the various organs of the human body complications. Because of this, diabetes is considered by experts as \Source. \coma, lactic acidosis, a chronic complications, diabetes, heart disease of sugar and fat metabolism disorder caused by macrovascular disease, microvascular disease and cardiac autonomic neuropathy; late myocardial damage can occur, arrhythmia, cardiac enlargement, heart failure, etc. poor prognosis. 2, diabetic vascular disease coronary heart disease, ischemic or hemorrhagic cerebrovascular disease, renal atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis, etc. 3, diabetes, renal disease glomerulosclerosis, renal arteriosclerosis, chronic pyelonephritis 4, the eye disease diabetic retinopathy, cataracts, glaucoma, refractive changes, iris, ciliary body lesions 5, neuropathy peripheral neuropathy, oculomotor, abducens nerve palsy, autonomic neuropathy in 6, skin, muscle, cyanotic skin, joint disease, skin blister disease, xanthomas, diabetes, muscular atrophy, malnutrition, infectious complications boil carbuncle arthritis, hand, foot and body ringworm, tuberculosis, periodontitis, urinary tract infection Road